{"id":13,"date":"2021-08-30T22:09:12","date_gmt":"2021-08-30T22:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zugarolab.net:8080\/?page_id=13"},"modified":"2026-03-06T15:45:31","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T14:45:31","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/zugarolab.net:8080\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Overview<\/h1>\n

The hippocampus is a limbic structure that plays a critical role in the formation, consolidation and recall of various forms of memory, including episodic and spatial memory. How do such complex cognitive functions emerge from the activity of hippocampal neurons? One key property of the hippocampal network that has gained tremendous interest in recent years is its ability to encode and reactivate sequential activity patterns: specific subgroups of neurons become successively active, either in response to the ongoing behavioral and cognitive context, or spontaneously during recall, decision making and sleep. In the spatial domain, fast sequential activation of hippocampal \u2018place cells\u2019 anticipates future trajectories, associates traveled paths with rewarding or aversive stimuli, and appears to underlie certain forms of spatial learning. During subsequent sleep, reactivation of the same sequences plays a critical role in memory consolidation via a hippocampo-cortical dialogue. This versatile capacity to manipulate and memorize abstract information in the form of neural sequences may provide a unifying conceptual framework to reconcile the numerous functions of the hippocampus.<\/p>\n

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The goal of our research is to decipher the various roles of hippocampal dynamics, including their interactions with cortical and subcortical activity (in e.g. prefrontal cortex, medial and lateral entorhinal cortices, ventral and dorsal striatum, locus c\u0153ruleus, ventral tegmental area, etc.), and dissect their network mechanisms in freely moving rodents. We combine several cutting-edge technologies, including massively parallel electrophysiology across multiple brain areas, an innovative optical imaging approach, and optogenetics. We perform state-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings and are developing optical imaging and targeting approaches for real-time optical excitation or inhibition of single, identified neurons, as well as long-term monitoring of vast neural populations \u2014 all in freely moving rodents performing complex behavioral tasks in large scale mazes and sleeping. Advanced analytical and statistical methods allow us to unravel the mechanisms and roles of hippocampal sequences in the formation, consolidation and recall of memory.<\/p>\n

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Our team includes researchers with backgrounds in neurophysiology, animal behavior, physics and engineering. We are part of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology<\/a> at the Coll\u00e8ge de France, located in the historical center of Paris.<\/p>\n

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Micha\u00ebl Zugaro<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Formation and Consolidation of Episodic-Like Memory Traces<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
The ‘two-stage’ theory of memory posits that memory consolidation involves a dialogue during sleep between the hippocampus, where memory traces are initially formed, and the neocortex, where they are stored for long term retention. A prominent target is the medial prefrontal cortex, which over days becomes progressively involved in memory recall, concomitantly with a gradual hippocampal disengagement. During sleep, task-related neural activity patterns are replayed in both structures, orchestrated by various brain oscillations related to memory consolidation, that are often observed in temporal proximity.<\/div>\n
\u00a0We have shown that fast sequential activation of hippocampal assemblies at the theta time scale (‘theta sequences’) are crucial to encode new memories, which are later replayed during sleep for memory consolidation (‘sleep replay’). We further demonstrated that the formation of these sequences requires fine timescale coordination between hippocampal cell assemblies. We have also shown that subsequent replay during sleep ripples is instrumental for memory consolidation, a long-standing hypothesis that had never received experimental confirmation. Our subsequent work established that hippocampal replay underlies a hippocampo-cortical dialogue, involving enhanced coupling between ripples, cortical delta waves and spindles. More recently, we have shown that, contrary to a generally accepted tenet in systems neuroscience, an ever-changing minority of cortical neurons remain active during delta waves, forming assemblies between neurons involved in coding memories. Delta waves thus shut most of the cortical network off to isolate critical computations involved in memory consolidation. <\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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  1. Research Director (CNRS)<\/li>\n
  2. Team Leader (Coll\u00e8ge de France)<\/li>\n
  3. Researcher (CNRS)<\/li>\n
  4. Post-doctoral fellow in G. Buzs\u00e1ki’s laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. PhD in Neuroscience (Advisors: S. Wiener and A. Berthoz)<\/li>\n
  6. Engineer in Mathematics and Computer Science (Compi\u00e8gne University of Technology)<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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    Selected Publications<\/p>\n

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    1. MN. Pompili*, R. Todorova*, CJ. Boucly*, EM. Leroux, SI. Wiener, M. Zugaro. Adaptive communication between cell assemblies and \u2018reader\u2019 neurons shapes flexible brain dynamics. PLOS Biology<\/span> 23(12): e3003505.<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. V. Oberto*, CJ. Boucly*, HY. Gao*, R. Todorova, M. Zugaro, SI. Wiener. Distributed cell assemblies spanning prefrontal cortex and striatum. Current Biology<\/span> 32(1):1-13.e6<\/span>.<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. R.\u00a0Todorova, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Isolated cortical computations during delta waves support memory consolidation. Science<\/span> 366(6463):377-81.<\/a><\/li>\n
    4. C.\u00a0Drieu, R.\u00a0Todorova, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Nested sequences of hippocampal assemblies during behavior support subsequent sleep replay. Science<\/span> 362(6415):675-679.<\/a><\/li>\n
    5. N.\u00a0Maingret, G.\u00a0Girardeau, R.\u00a0Todorova, M.\u00a0Goutierre, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Hippocampo-cortical coupling mediates memory consolidation during sleep. Nature Neuroscience<\/span> 19(7):959-64. Highly Cited (top 1%)<\/a><\/li>\n
    6. A.\u00a0Cei, G.\u00a0Girardeau, C.\u00a0Drieu, K.\u00a0El\u00a0Kanbi, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Reversed theta sequences of hippocampal cellassemblies during backward travel. Nature Neuroscience<\/span> 17(5):719\u201324.<\/a><\/li>\n
    7. G.\u00a0Girardeau, A.\u00a0Cei, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Learning-induced plasticity regulates hippocampal sharp wave-ripple drive. The Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 34(15):5176\u201383.<\/a><\/li>\n
    8. G.\u00a0Girardeau, K.\u00a0Benchenane, S.I.\u00a0Wiener, G.\u00a0Buzs\u00e1ki, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Selective suppression of hippocampal ripples impairs spatial memory. Nature Neuroscience<\/span> 10:1222\u20133. Highly Cited (top 1%)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Other Publications<\/p>\n

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      1. A. Liu et al. A consensus statement on detection of hippocampal sharp wave ripples and differentiation from other fast oscillations. Nat. Commun.<\/span> 13(1):6000 (Review).<\/a><\/li>\n
      2. R.\u00a0Todorova, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Hippocampal ripples as a mode of communication with cortical and subcortical areas. Hippocampus<\/span> doi: 10.1002\/hipo.22997 (Review).<\/a><\/li>\n
      3. C.\u00a0Drieu, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Hippocampal sequences during exploration: Mechanisms and functions. Front. Cell. Neurosci.<\/span> doi: 10.3389\/fncel.2019.00232 (Review).<\/a><\/li>\n
      4. J.\u00a0Catanese, A.\u00a0Viggiano, E.\u00a0Cerasti, M.\u00a0Zugaro, and S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Retrospectively and prospectively modulated hippocampal place responses are differentially distributed along a common path in a continuous T-maze. The Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 34(39):13163\u20139.<\/a><\/li>\n
      5. A.\u00a0Arleo, C.\u00a0D\u00e9jean, P.\u00a0Allegraud, M.\u00a0Khamassi, M.\u00a0Zugaro, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Optic flow stimuli update anterodorsal thalamus head direction neuronal activity in rats. The Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 33(42):16790\u20135.<\/a><\/li>\n
      6. J.\u00a0Catanese, E.\u00a0Cerasti, M.\u00a0Zugaro, A.\u00a0Viggiano, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Dynamics of decision-related activity in hippocampus. Hippocampus<\/span> 22(9):1901\u201311.<\/a><\/li>\n
      7. G.\u00a0Girardeau, M.\u00a0Zugaro. Hippocampal ripples and memory consolidation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology<\/span>. 21(3):452\u20139 (Review). <\/a><\/li>\n
      8. S.\u00a0Herwik, S.\u00a0Kisban, A.A.A.\u00a0Aarts, K.\u00a0Seidl, G.\u00a0Girardeau, K.\u00a0Benchenane, M.\u00a0Zugaro, S.I.\u00a0Wiener, O.\u00a0Paul, H.P.\u00a0Neves, P.\u00a0Ruther. Fabrication technology for silicon-based microprobe arrays used in acute and sub-chronic neural recording. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering<\/span> 19:074008. <\/a><\/li>\n
      9. A.\u00a0Sirota, S.\u00a0Montgomery, S.\u00a0Fujisawa, Y.\u00a0Isomura, M.\u00a0Zugaro, G.\u00a0Buzs\u00e1ki. Entrainment of neocortical neurons and gamma oscillations by the hippocampal theta rhythm. Neuron<\/span> 60(4):683\u201397. <\/a><\/li>\n
      10. C.\u00a0Geisler, D.\u00a0Robbe, M.\u00a0Zugaro, A.\u00a0Sirota, G.\u00a0Buzs\u00e1ki. Hippocampal place cell assemblies are speed-controlled oscillators. PNAS<\/span> 104(19):8149\u201354. <\/a><\/li>\n
      11. L.\u00a0Hazan* & M.\u00a0Zugaro* (equal contributions), G.\u00a0Buzs\u00e1ki. Klusters, NeuroScope, NDManager: a free software suite for neurophysiological data processing and visualization. Journal of Neuroscience Methods<\/span> 155(2):207\u201316. <\/a><\/li>\n
      12. M.\u00a0Zugaro, L.\u00a0Monconduit, G.\u00a0Buzs\u00e1ki. Spike phase precession persists after transient intrahippocampal perturbation. Nature Neuroscience<\/span> 8:67\u201371. <\/a><\/li>\n
      13. J.\u00a0P.\u00a0Bassett, M.\u00a0Zugaro, G.M.\u00a0Muir, E.J.\u00a0Golob, R.U.\u00a0Muller, J.S.\u00a0Taube. Passive movements of the head do not abolish anticipatory firing properties of head direction cells. Journal of Neurophysiology<\/span> 93(3):1304\u201316. <\/a><\/li>\n
      14. M.\u00a0Zugaro, A.\u00a0Arleo, C.\u00a0Dejean, E.\u00a0Burguiere, M.\u00a0Khamassi, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction neurons depend upon dynamic visual signals to select anchoring landmark cues. European Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 20:530\u20136. <\/a><\/li>\n
      15. P.\u00a0Barth\u00f3, H.\u00a0Hirase, L.\u00a0Monconduit, M.\u00a0Zugaro, K.D.\u00a0Harris, G.\u00a0Buzs\u00e1ki. Characterization of neocortical principal cells and interneurons by network interactions and extracellular features. Journal of Neurophysiology<\/span> 92:600\u20138. <\/a><\/li>\n
      16. M.\u00a0Zugaro, A.\u00a0Arleo, A.\u00a0Berthoz, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Rapid spatial reorientation and head direction cells, The Journal of Neuroscience<\/span>, 23(8):3478\u201382. <\/a><\/li>\n
      17. M.\u00a0Zugaro, A.\u00a0Berthoz, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Peak firing rates of rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells are higher during faster passive rotations, Hippocampus<\/span> 12(4):481\u20136. <\/a><\/li>\n
      18. S.I. Wiener and M.\u00a0Zugaro, Multisensory processing for the elaboration of place and head direction responses in the limbic system, Cognitive Brain Research<\/span> 14(1):75\u201390. <\/a><\/li>\n
      19. M.\u00a0Zugaro, E.\u00a0Tabuchi, C.F.\u00a0Fouquier, A.\u00a0Berthoz, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Active locomotion increases peak firing rates of anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells, Journal of Neurophysiology<\/span> 86(2):692\u2013702. <\/a><\/li>\n
      20. M.\u00a0Zugaro, A.\u00a0Berthoz, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Background, but not foreground, spatial cues are taken as references for head direction responses by rat anterodorsal thalamus neurons, The Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 21(RC154):1\u20135. <\/a><\/li>\n
      21. M.\u00a0Zugaro, E.\u00a0Tabuchi, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Influence of conflicting visual, inertial and substratal cues on head direction cell activity, Experimental Brain Research<\/span> 133:198\u2013208. <\/a><\/li>\n
      22. S.V.\u00a0Albertin, A.B.\u00a0Mulder, E.\u00a0Tabuchi, M.\u00a0Zugaro, S.I.\u00a0Wiener. Lesions of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens impair rats in finding larger rewards, but spare reward-seeking behavior, Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 117(1\u20132):173\u201383. <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Sidney Wiener<\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        Navigation and Spatial Memory<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
        \u00a0Our focus is on cognitive functions such as spatial navigation learning, memory and decision-making and how they are linked with neuro-electrical activity, ensembles of neurons and neural networks. With chronically implanted multiple electrodes, we record from rats as they perform tasks requiring specific types of cognitive processing. Much of the work is centered on a popular experimental model for abstract representations in the brain &ndash;&nbsp;the place and head direction cells in the hippocampal system and related areas. We have studied how self-movement cues are engaged for this activity and also how brain areas downstream from the hippocampus (ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex) exploit this for navigation, orienting behavior and spatial memory. The role of sleep and associated brain oscillations in off-line memory consolidation is another focus. Furthermore coherence between oscillatory local field potentials in multiple structures is studied as a potential mechanism of selection of active pathways within the massively interconnected brain. This work is carried out in collaboration with roboticians and computational modelers to facilitate creation of bio-inspired automatons.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        1. Habilitation Degree (required in Europe to be qualified to train doctoral students), Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), Paris, France<\/li>\n
        2. Ph.D. Neurosciences and Biophysics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI<\/li>\n
        3. M.S. Biophysics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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          1. Pompili MN, Hamou N, Wiener SI. Integration of fear learning and fear expression across the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus PNAS<\/span> 123(6) e2520207123.<\/li>
          2. Makdah G, Wiener SI, Pompili MN. Detection of cell assemblies in high-density extracellular electrophysiological recordings. In: Carrillo-Reid L, editor. Identification, characterization, and manipulation of neuronal ensembles Neuromethods<\/span> vol 215. Springer.<\/li>\n
          3. Khamassi M, Peyrache A, Benchenane K, Hopkins DA, Lebas N, Douchamps V, Droulez J, Battaglia FP, Wiener SI. Rat anterior cingulate neurons responsive to rule or strategy changes are modulated by the hippocampal theta rhythm and sharp-wave ripples. Eur J Neurosci.<\/span> doi: 10.1111\/ejn.16496. .<\/li>\n
          4. Oberto V, Gao H, Biondi A, Sara SJ, Wiener SI. Activation of prefrontal cortex and striatal regions in rats after shifting between rules in a T-maze. Learn Mem.<\/span> 30(7):133-138.<\/li>\n
          5. Oberto VJ, Matsumoto J, Pompili MN, Todorova R, Papaleo F, Nishijo H, Venance L, Vandecasteele M, Wiener SI. Rhythmic oscillations in the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei in mice. Front Cell Neurosci.<\/span> 10.3389\/fncel.2023.1131313.<\/li>\n
          6. Xiang L, Harel A, Todorova R, Gao HY, Sara SJ, Wiener SI. Locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons phase-lock to prefrontal and hippocampal infra-slow rhythms that synchronize to behavioral events. Front. Cell. Neurosci.<\/span> 10.3389\/fncel.2023.1131151.<\/li>\n
          7. Demars F, Todorova R, Makdah G, Forestier A, Krebs M-O, Godsil BP, Jay TM, Wiener SI, Pompili MN. Post-trauma behavioral phenotype predicts the degree of vulnerability to fear relapse after extinction in male rats. Current Biology<\/span> S0960-9822(22)00853-3.<\/li>\n
          8. Oberto V*, Boucly C*, Gao HY*, Todorova R, Zugaro M, Wiener SI. Distributed cell assemblies spanning prefrontal cortex and striatum. Current Biology<\/span> 32(1):1-13.e6.<\/li>\n
          9. Banquet JP, Gaussier P, Cuperlier N, Hok V, Save E, Poucet B, Quoy M, Wiener SI. Time as the fourth dimension in the hippocampus. Progress in Neurobiology<\/span> , 101920 doi:10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101920.<\/li>\n
          10. Wiener-Vacher SR, Wiener SI, Ajrezo L, Obeid R, Mohamed D, Boizeau P, Alberti C and Bucci MP. Dizziness and Convergence Insufficiency in Children: Screening and Management. Front. Integr. Neurosci.<\/span> 13:25. doi: 10.3389\/fnint.2019.00025.<\/li>\n
          11. Xiang L, Harel A, Gao HG, Pickering AE, Sara SJ, Wiener SI. Behavioral correlates of activity of optogenetically identified locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in rats performing t-maze tasks. Scientific Reports<\/span> 9:1361.<\/li>\n
          12. Wiener-Vacher SR, Wiener SI. Video head impulse tests with a remote camera system: normative values of semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in infants and children. Front. Neurol.<\/span> 8:434.<\/li>\n
          13. Albertin SV, Wiener SI. Neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in rats during formation of seeking behavior in a radial maze. Bull Exp Biol Med.<\/span> 158(4):405\u20139.<\/li>\n
          14. Catanese J, Viggiano A, Cerasti E, Zugaro MB, Wiener SI Retrospectively and prospectively modulated hippocampal place responses are differentially distributed along a common path in a continuous T-maze. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 34(39):13163\u20139.<\/li>\n
          15. Arleo A, D\u00e9jean C, Allegraud P, Khamassi M, Zugaro M, Wiener SI Optic flow stimuli update anterodorsal thalamus head direction neuronal activity in rats. J. Neuroscience<\/span> 33(42):16790\u20135.<\/li>\n
          16. Wiener-Vacher SR, Hamilton DA, Wiener SI Vestibular activity and cognitive development in children: Perspectives. Frontiers Integrative Neuroscience<\/span> 7:92.<\/li>\n
          17. Catanese J, Cerasti E, Zugaro M, Viggiano A, Wiener SI Dynamics of decision-related activity in prospective hippocampal place cells. Hippocampus<\/span> 22(9):1901\u201311<\/li>\n
          18. Battaglia FP, Benchenane K, Sirota A, Pennartz CM, Wiener SI The hippocampus: Hub of brain network communication for memory. Trends Cogn Sci<\/span> 15:310\u2013318.<\/li>\n
          19. Benchenane K, Peyrache A, Khamassi M, Tierney P, Gioanni Y, Battaglia FP, Wiener SI. Coherent theta oscillations and reorganization of spike timing in the hippocampal-prefrontal network upon learning. Neuron<\/span> 66(6):921\u201336.<\/li>\n
          20. Peyrache A, Benchenane K, Khamassi M, Wiener SI, Battaglia FP Sequential reinstatement of neocortical activity during slow oscillations depends on cells\u2019 global activity. Front Sys. Neurosci.<\/span> 3:18.<\/li>\n
          21. Girardeau G, Benchenane K, Wiener SI, Buzs\u00e1ki G, Zugaro MB Selective suppression of hippocampal ripples impairs spatial memory. Nature Neurosci.<\/span> 12(10):1222\u201323<\/li>\n
          22. Herwik S, Kisban S, Aarts AAA, Seidl K, Girardeau G, Benchenane K, Zugaro MB, Wiener SI, Paul O, Neves HP, Ruther P Fabrication technology for silicon-based microprobe arrays used in acute and sub-chronic neural recording. J. Micromech. Microeng.<\/span> 19 074008 (11pp)<\/li>\n
          23. Peyrache A, Khamassi M, Benchenane K, Wiener SI, Battaglia FP Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. Nature Neurosci.<\/span> 12(7):919\u2013926<\/li>\n
          24. Peyrache A, Benchenane K, Khamassi M, Wiener SI, Battaglia FP Principal component analysis on ensemble recordings reveal cell assemblies at high temporal resolution. J. Comput. Neurosci.<\/span> DOI 10.1007\/s10827\u2013009-0154\u20136<\/li>\n
          25. Khamassi M, Mulder AB, Tabuchi E, Douchamps V, Wiener SI Anticipatory reward signals in ventral striatal neurons of behaving rats. Eur. J. Neurosci.<\/span>, 28(9): 1849\u20131866<\/li>\n
          26. Mulder A.B., Shibata R., Trullier O., Wiener S.I. Spatially selective reward site responses in tonically active neurons of the nucleus accumbens in behaving rats. Exp. Brain Res.<\/span> 163:32\u201343.<\/li>\n
          27. Zugaro M.B., Arleo A., D\u00e9jean C, Burgui\u00e8re E, Khamassi M, Wiener S.I. Rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction neurons depend upon dynamic visual signals to select anchoring landmark cues. Eur. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 20:530\u2013536<\/li>\n
          28. Mulder AB, Tabuchi E, Wiener S.I. Neurons in hippocampal afferent zones of rat striatum parse routes into multi-pace segments during maze navigation Eur. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 19:1923\u20131932<\/li>\n
          29. Degris T, Sigaud O, Wiener SI., Arleo A Rapid response of head direction cells to reorienting visual cues: A computational model. Neurocomputing<\/span>. 58\u201360C: 675\u2013682<\/li>\n
          30. Wiener S.I., Arleo A. Persistent activity in limbic system neurons: Neurophysiological and modeling perspectives. J. Physiol. (Paris)<\/span> 97:547\u2013555<\/li>\n
          31. Zugaro M.B., Arleo A., Berthoz A., Wiener S.I. Rapid spatial reorientation and head direction cells. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 23:3478\u20133482<\/li>\n
          32. Tabuchi E., Mulder A.B., Wiener S.I. Reward value invariant place responses and reward site associated activity in hippocampal neurons of behaving rats. Hippocampus<\/span> 13: 17\u2013132<\/li>\n
          33. Albertin SV, Mulder AB, Wiener SI. The advantages of electrophysiological control for the localization and selective lesioning of the nucleus accumbens in rats. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol.<\/span> 33(8): 805\u20139<\/li>\n
          34. Zugaro, M.B., Berthoz, A., Wiener S.I. Peak firing rates of rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells are higher during faster passive rotations. Hippocampus<\/span> 12:481\u2013486.<\/li>\n
          35. Wiener, S.I., Zugaro, M.B. Multisensory processing for the elaboration of place and head direction responses in the limbic system. Cognitive Brain Research<\/span> 14:75\u201390.<\/li>\n
          36. Albertin, S.V., Mulder, A.B., Wiener, S.I. [Electrophysiological control in localization and selective lesioning in the nucleus accumbens] Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova<\/span>. 88(5):663\u20139.<\/li>\n
          37. Wiener, S.I., Rondi-Reig, L., Zugaro, M.B. Comprendre les fonctions cognitives gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019enregistrement de l\u2019activit\u00e9 neuronale et l\u2019analyse comportementale chez le rat libre de ses mouvements : les bases physiologiques des repr\u00e9sentations internes de la topographie de l\u2019environnement. Intellectica<\/span> 32: 9\u201344.<\/li>\n
          38. Zugaro, M.B., Berthoz, A., Wiener S.I. Background, but not foreground, spatial cues are taken as references for head direction responses by rat anterodorsal thalamus neurons. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 21: RC154(1\u20135)<\/li>\n
          39. Shibata, R., Mulder, A.B., Trullier, O., Wiener, S.I. Position sensitivity in phasically discharging nucleus accumbens neurons of rats alternating between tasks requiring complementary types of spatial cues. Neurosci.<\/span> 108:391\u2013411<\/li>\n
          40. Zugaro, M.B., Tabuchi, E., Fouquier, C., Berthoz, A., Wiener, S.I. Active locomotion increases peak firing rates of anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells. J. Neurophysiol.<\/span> 86:692\u2013702<\/li>\n
          41. Albertin, S.V., Mulder, A.B., Tabuchi, E., Zugaro, M.B., Wiener, S.I. Lesions of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens impair rats in finding larger rewards, but spare reward-seeking behavior. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 117:173\u2013183<\/li>\n
          42. Tabuchi, E., Mulder, A.B., Wiener, S.I. Position and behavioral modulation of synchronization of hippocampal and accumbens neuronal discharges in freely moving rats. Hippocampus<\/span> 10:717\u2013728<\/li>\n
          43. Zugaro, M.B., Tabuchi, E., Wiener, S.I. Influence of conflicting visual, inertial and substratal cues on head direction cells. Exp. Brain Res.<\/span> 133:198\u2013208<\/li>\n
          44. Trullier, O., Shibata, R., Mulder, A.B., Wiener, S.I. Hippocampal neuronal position selectivity remains fixed to room cue in rats alternating between place navigation and beacon approach tasks. Eur. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 11(12):4381\u20138<\/li>\n
          45. Gavrilov, V.V., Wiener, S.I., Berthoz, A. Discharge correlates of hippocampal complex spike neurons in behaving rats passively displaced on a mobile robot. Hippocampus<\/span> 8:475\u2013490<\/li>\n
          46. Trullier, O., Wiener, S., Berthoz, A., and Meyer, J.-A. Biologically-based artificial navigation systems: Review and prospects. Progress in Neurobiology<\/span> 51:483\u2013544<\/li>\n
          47. Wiener, S.I. Spatial, behavioral and sensory correlates of hippocampal CA1 complex spike cell activity: Implications for information processing functions. Progress in Neurobiology<\/span> 49:335\u2013361<\/li>\n
          48. Gavrilov, V.V., Wiener, S.I., Berthoz, A. Whole body rotations enhance hippocampal theta rhythmic slow activity in awake rats passively transported on a mobile robot. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.<\/span> 781: 385\u2013398<\/li>\n
          49. Korshunov, V.A., Wiener, S.I., Korshunova, T.A., Berthoz, A. Place- and behavior-independent sensory triggered discharges in rat hippocampal CA1 complex spike cells. Exp. Brain Res.<\/span> 109:169\u2013173<\/li>\n
          50. Wiener, S.I., Korshunov, V., Garcia, R., Berthoz, A. Inertial, substratal and landmark cue control of hippocampal CA1 place cells. Eur. J. Neurosci.<\/span>, 7(11):2206\u20132219<\/li>\n
          51. Wiener, S.I., Korshunov, V.A. Place-independent behavioral correlates of hippocampal neurons in behaving rats. Neuroreport<\/span> 7:183\u2013188<\/li>\n
          52. Gavrilov, V.V., Wiener, S.I., Berthoz, A. Enhanced hippocampal theta EEG during whole body rotations in awake restrained rats. Neurosci. Lett.<\/span> 197:239\u2013241<\/li>\n
          53. Jung, M., Wiener, S.I., McNaughton, B.L. Comparisons of spatial firing characteristics of units in dorsal and ventral hippocampus of the rat. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 14:7347\u20137356<\/li>\n
          54. Wiener, S.I. Spatial and behavioral correlates of striatal neurons in rats performing a self-initiated navigation task. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 13:3802\u20133817<\/li>\n
          55. Otto, T., Eichenbaum, H., Wiener, S. and C.G. Wible Learning-related patterns of CA1 spike trains parallel stimulation parameters optimal for inducing hippocampal long-term potentiation. Hippocampus<\/span> 1:181\u2013192<\/li>\n
          56. Wiener, S.I., C.A. Paul and H. Eichenbaum Spatial and behavioral correlates of hippocampal neuronal activity. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 9:2737\u20132763<\/li>\n
          57. Eichenbaum, H., S.I. Wiener, M.L. Shapiro and N.J. Cohen The organization of spatial coding in the hippocampus: A study of neural ensemble activity. J. Neurosci.<\/span> 9:2764\u20132775<\/li>\n
          58. Eichenbaum, H. and S.I. Wiener Is place the (only) functional correlate? Psychobiology<\/span> 17:217\u2013220<\/li>\n
          59. Wiener, S.I., J.I. Johnson and E.-M. Ostapoff Organization of postcranial kinesthetic projections to the ventrobasal thalamus in raccoons. J. Comp. Neurol.<\/span> 258:496\u2013508<\/li>\n
          60. Wiener, S.I., J.I. Johnson and E.-M. Ostapoff Demarcations of the mechanosensory projection zones in the raccoon thalamus, shown by cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and Nissl stains. J. Comp. Neurol.<\/span> 258:509\u2013526<\/li>\n
          61. Wiener, S.I. and P.H. Hartline Perioral somatosensory but not visual inputs to the flank of the mouse superior colliculus. Neurosci.<\/span> 21:557\u2013564<\/li>\n
          62. Wiener, S.I. Laminar distribution and patchiness of cytochrome oxidase in mouse superior colliculus. J. Comp. Neurol.<\/span> 244:137\u2013148<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            Susan Sara<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
            \n

            Neuromodulation and Cognitive Processes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

            The neurobiological basis of memory formation and retrieval has been the major focus of my research over the past four decades.  Combining in vivo electrophysiology and pharmacology with astute behavioral analysis, my thesis and subsequent publications provided early challenges the consolidation hypothesis.  We published the first paper demonstrating ‘reconsolidation after reactivation of memory’ and showed the importance of the noradrenergic system in this reconsolidation processs.  We study the role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in cognitive processes by recording the activity of neurons in this nucleus in behaving rats, engaged in various cognitive tasks. In this way we have elucidated the functional role of this tiny nucleus in modulating encoding and off-line memory consolidation, in concert with activity in frontal cortex and hippocampus. More recently, we have been investigating the role of sleep oscillations and associated LC activity in modulation of memory processes.  Currently we are using optogenetic methods to stimulate or inhibit activity of LC neurons at critical periods during learning or during off-line memory consolidation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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            Born and educated in New York City, Susan J. Sara received a BA in psychology from Sarah Lawrence College and a PhD from University of Louvain (Belgium). After post doctoral studies at Oxford University and NYU Medical School, she was recruited into the CNRS (France). She founded the group ‘Neuromodulation and Cognitive Processes’ at the University Paris VI, which she headed until her retirement. She is currently Directrice de Recherche Emerite at the College de France and Adjunct Professor at New York University Medical School. SJS was a visiting Professor at the Institute of Neurosciences in Shanghai and at Yamaguchi Medical School, Japan and a visiting scientist at the Weizmann Institute, Israel. She is past president of the European Brain and Behavior Society and has served as Chair of FENS_IBRO schools committee, Chair of IBRO Alumni committee, FENS programme committee, FENS executive Committee. She has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Nencki Institute (Poland) and the Max Planck Insitute for Biological Cybernetics (Tuebingen), as well as on several advisory panels for the EU and ERC. She is past editor of Neural Plasticity and currently associate editor of Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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            1. Xiang L, Harel A, Todorova R, Gao HY, Sara SJ, Wiener SI. Locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons phase-lock to prefrontal and hippocampal infra-slow rhythms that synchronize to behavioral events. Front. Cell. Neurosci.<\/span> 10.3389\/fncel.2023.1131151.<\/li>\n
            2. Poe GR, Foote S, Eschenko O, Johansen JP, Bouret S, Aston-Jones G, Harley CW, Manahan-Vaughan D, Weinshenker D, Valentino R, Berridge C, Chandler DJ, Waterhouse B, Sara SJ. Locus coeruleus: a new look at the blue spot. Nat Rev Neurosci.<\/span> 21(11):644-659.<\/li>\n
            3. Swift KM, Gross BA, Frazer MA, Bauer DS, Clark KJD, Vazey EM, Aston-Jones G, Li Y, Pickering AE, Sara SJ, Poe GR. Abnormal Locus Coeruleus Sleep Activity Alters Sleep Signatures of Memory Consolidation and Impairs Place Cell Stability and Spatial Memory. Curr Biol.<\/span> 28:3599-3609.<\/li>\n
            4. Xiang L, Harel A, Gao HG, Pickering AE, Sara SJ, Wiener SI. Behavioral correlates of activity of optogenetically identified locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in rats performing t-maze tasks. Scientific Reports<\/span> 9:1361.<\/li>\n
            5. Sara SJ. Sleep to remember. Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 37(3):457\u201363<\/li>\n
            6. Sara SJ. Response from Dual Perspective Companion Author. Journal of Neuroscience<\/span> 37(3):471<\/li>\n
            7. Sara SJ. Locus coeruleus reports changes in environmental contingencies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences<\/span> 39:e223<\/li>\n
            8. Novitskaya Y, Sara SJ, Logothetis NK, Eschenko O. Ripple-triggered stimulation of the locus coeruleus during post-learning sleep disrupts ripple\/spindle coupling and impairs memory consolidation. Learning and Memory<\/span> 23(5):238\u201348<\/li>\n
            9. Sara SJ. Locus Coeruleus in time with the making of memories. Current Opinion in Neurobiology<\/span> 35:87\u201394<\/li>\n
            10. Doucet EL, Bobadilla AC, Houades V, Lanteri C, Godeheu G, Lanfumey L, Sara SJ, Tassin JP. Sustained impairment of \u03b12A-adrenergic autoreceptor signaling mediates neurochemical and behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Biol Psychiatry.<\/span> 74(2):90\u20138<\/li>\n
            11. Sara SJ, Bouret S. Orienting and reorienting: the Locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal, Neuron<\/span> 76:130-141.<\/li>\n
            12. Eschenko, O; Magri, C, Panzeri, S, Sara, SJ Noradrenergic Neurons of the Locus Coeruleus are Phase-locked to Cortical Up-Down States during sleep. Cerebral Cortex<\/span><\/li>\n
            13. Gais S, Rasch B, Dahmen JC, Sara S, Born J. The memory function of noradrenergic activity in non-REM sleep. J Cogn Neurosci.<\/span> 23(9):2582\u201392<\/li>\n
            14. Sara SJ. Reactivation, retrieval, replay, and reconsolidation in and out of sleep: connecting the dots. Front. Behav. Neurosci.<\/span> 4:185.<\/li>\n
            15. Ramadan, W., Eschenko, O., & Sara, SJ. Hippocampal sharp wave\/ripples during sleep for consolidation of associative memory, Front. Behav. Neurosci.<\/span><\/li>\n
            16. Sara S.J. The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic function. Nature Reviews in Neuroscience<\/span> 10:211\u2013223.<\/li>\n
            17. Molle, M, Eschenko, O. Gais S., Sara, SJ & Born J. The influence of learning on sleep slow oscillations and associated spindles and ripples in humans and rats. Eur J Neurosci<\/span> 29:1071\u20131081.<\/li>\n
            18. Eschenko, O. Sara, SJ Learning-dependent, transient increase of activity in noradrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus during slow wave sleep in the rat: Brainstem-cortex interplay for memory consolidation? Cerebral Cortex<\/span> 18:2596\u20132603.<\/li>\n
            19. Eschenko, O., Ramadan, W., Molle, M., Born, J. & Sara, SJ Sustained increase in hippocampal sharp-wave ripple activity during slow wave sleep after learning. Learning & Memory<\/span> 15(4):222\u2013228.<\/li>\n
            20. Chen, F & Sara, SJ Locus coeruleus activation by footshock or electrical stimulation inhibits amygdale neurons. Neuroscience<\/span> 144:472\u2013481.<\/li>\n
            21. Sara, S.J. & Hars, B. In memory of consolidation Learning & Memory<\/span> 5:515\u2013521<\/li>\n
            22. Eschenko, O. Molle, M. Born, J. & Sara, SJ Elevated spindle density after learning and retrieval in rats. J. Neuroscience<\/span> 26:12914\u201312920.<\/li>\n
            23. Molle, M., Eschenko, O. Sara, SJ , Born, J.Hippocampal sharp wave-ripples linked to slow oscillations in rat slow-wave sleep. J Neurophysiol.<\/span> 96:62\u201370.<\/li>\n
            24. Torres-Garcia, M. Lelong, J & Sara, SJ Reconsolidation after remembering requires NMDA receptors Learning & Memory<\/span> 12:18\u201322.<\/li>\n
            25. Bouret S. & Sara, SJ. Network reset: a new over-arching theory of locus ceruleus-noradrenergic function. Trends in Neuroscience<\/span> 11,.<\/li>\n
            26. Tronel S. Feenstra, M. & Sara, S.J. Noradrenergic action in the prelimbic cortex in the late stages of memory consolidation, Learning & Memory<\/span> 453\u2013458.<\/li>\n
            27. Bouret, S. & Sara, SJ Reward expectation, attention, and locus coeruleus-medial frontal cortex interplay during learning, Eur J Neurosci<\/span> 20:791\u2013802.<\/li>\n
            28. Bouret,S. A. Duval, S. Onat, S. J. Sara Activation of Locus Coeruleus by the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala, J. Neuroscience<\/span> 23:3491\u201397.<\/span><\/li>\n
            29. Foley, AG Hedigan, K. Roullet, P. Moricard, Y. Murphy, K. Sara, SJ, Regan, CM Consolidation of memory for odour-reward association requires transient polysialyation of the neural cell adhesion molecule in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. J. Neuroscience Research<\/span> 74:570\u2013576.<\/li>\n
            30. Tronel S. & Sara, SJ Blockade of NMDA receptors in prelimbic cortex induces an enduring amnesia for odor-reward associative learning. J Neuroscience<\/span> 23:5472\u20135476.<\/li>\n
            31. Tronel, S. & Sara, S.J. Mapping of olfactory memory circuits: region specific c-fos activation after odor-reward associative learning or after its retrieval. Learning & Memory<\/span> 9:4.<\/li>\n
            32. Bouret, S. & Sara, SJ Locus coeruleus activation modulates firing rate and temporal organization of odor-induced single cell responses in rat piriform cortex. Eur J Neurosci<\/span> 12:2371\u201382.<\/li>\n
            33. Sara, SJ Retrieval and reconsolidation : toward a neurobiology of remembering. Learning & Memory<\/span> 7:73\u201384.<\/li>\n
            34. Sara, S.J. Strengthening the shaky trace through retrieval. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, , 1:212\u2013214<\/li>\n
            35. Shinba, T. Briois,L. & Sara, S.J. Spontaneous and auditory-evoked activity of the medial agranular cortex as a function of arousal state in the freely moving rat: interaction with locus coeruleus activity, Brain Research<\/span> ; 887:293\u2013300.<\/li>\n
            36. Roullet, P. Sara, SJ Consolidation of Memory after its reactivation: Involvement of beta noradrenergic receptors in the late phase. Neural Plasticity 6:63\u201368.<\/li>\n
            37. Roullet, P. Bourne, R., Moricard, Y. Stewart, M. & Sara, SJ Learning-induced plasticity of NMDA receptors is task and region-specific Neuroscience<\/span> 89:1145\u20131150<\/li>\n
            38. Przybyslawski, J , Roullet, P. , Sara, SJ Attenuation of emotional and nonemotional memories after their reactivation: role of Beta adrenergic receptors.J. Neuroscience<\/span> 19:6623\u20136628.<\/li>\n
            39. SARA, SJ., Roullet, P., Przybyslawski, J., Consolidation of memory for odour-reward association: beta adrenergic receptor involvement in the late phase. Learning & Memory<\/span> 6:88\u201396.<\/li>\n
            40. Lestienne, R. Herv\u00e9, A. Robinson, D. Brios. L. & SARA,SJ, Slow oscillations as aprobe of the dynamics of the locus coeurleus-frontal cortex interaction in anesthetized rats. J. Physiol (Paris)<\/span> 91:273\u2013284.<\/li>\n
            41. Sara, SJ Learning by Neurones: role of attention, reinforcement and behaviour. C.R.Acad Sci<\/span> 321:193\u2013198.<\/li>\n
            42. Przybyslawski, J. & Sara, SJ Reconsolidation after reactivation of memory. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 84:241\u2013246.<\/li>\n
            43. Alexinsky, T., Przybyslawski, J., Mileusnic, R., Rose, S, & Sara, SJ, Antibody to Day-Old Chick Brain Glycoprotein Produces Amnesia in Adult Rats, Neurobiology of Learning & Memory<\/span> 67:14\u201320.<\/li>\n
            44. Kitchigina V. Vankov, A. Harley, C. & Sara, SJ; Novelty-elicited, norepinephrine-dependent enhancement of excitability in the rat dentate gyrus. European J. Neuroscience<\/span> 9:41\u201347.<\/li>\n
            45. Roullet, P, Mileusnic, R. Rose, S, & Sara, SJ, Neural cell adhesion molecules play a role in rat memory formation in appetitive as well as aversive tasks. Neuroreport<\/span> 8:1907\u20131911<\/li>\n
            46. Sara, S.J., Dyon-Laurent, C. & Herv\u00e9, A. Novelty seeking behavior in the rat is dependent upon the integrity of the noradrenergic system. Cognitive Brain Research<\/span> 2:181\u2013187.<\/li>\n
            47. Vankov, A. Herv\u00e9-Minvielle, A. & Sara, SJ. Response to novelty and its rapid habituation in locus coeruleus neurons of the freely-exploring rat. European J. Neuroscience<\/span> 7:1180\u20131187.<\/li>\n
            48. Sara, SJ & Herv\u00e9-Minvielle, A. Inhibitory influence of frontal cortex on locus coeruleus. PNAS<\/span> 92:6032\u20136035.<\/li>\n
            49. Herv\u00e9-Minvielle, A. & Sara, SJ Rapid habituation of auditory responses of locus coeruleus cells in anethestized and awake rats, Neuroreport<\/span> 6:45\u201350<\/li>\n
            50. Dyon-Laurent, C. Herv\u00e9, A., Sara, S.J. Noradrenergic hyperactivity in hippocampus after partial denervation: pharmacological, behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Exp Brain Res<\/span><\/li>\n
            51. Buda, M, Laucher, J, Devauges, V, Barbagli, B, Blizard, D, & Sara, SJ. Central noradrenergic reactivity to stress in Maudsley rat strains Neuroscience Letters<\/span><\/span> 33\u201336.<\/li>\n
            52. Sara, S.J., Vankov, A., Herv\u00e9, A., Locus Coeruleus evoked responses in behaving rats: a clue to the role of noradrenaline in memory. Brain Research<\/span> Bulletin 35:457\u2013465.<\/li>\n
            53. Sara, SJ, Devauges, V., Biegon, A., & Blizard, D. The Maudsley rat strains as a probe to investigate noradrenergic-cholinergic interaction in cognitive function. J. Physiol (Paris)<\/span> 88:337\u2013345.<\/li>\n
            54. Sara, S. J., Devauges, V. & Biegon, A. Maudsley rat strains, selected for differences in emotional responses, differ in behavioral response to clonidine and alpha2 receptor binding in the locus coeruleus, Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 57:101\u2013104.<\/li>\n
            55. Dyon-Laurent, C, Romand, S, Biegon, A & Sara, S.J. Functional reorganization of the noradrenergic system after partial fornix section: a behavioral and autoradiographic study. Exp Brain Res<\/span> 96:203\u2013211.<\/li>\n
            56. Sara, S.J., Dyon-Laurent, C. Guibert, B. & Leviel, V. Noradrenergic hyperactivity after partial fornix section: role in cholinergic dependent memory performance. Exp Brain Res<\/span> 89:125\u2013132.<\/li>\n
            57. Messing, R., Devauges, V., Sara, S.J. The limbic forebrain neurotoxin trimethyltin reduces behavioral supression by clonidine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior<\/span> 42:313\u2013316.<\/li>\n
            58. Harley, C. & Sara, S.J. Locus coeruleus bursts induced by glutamate trigger delayed perforant path spike amplitude potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Exp Brain Res<\/span> 89:581\u2013587.<\/li>\n
            59. Venault, P. Jacquot, F., Save, E., Sara, S., Chapoutier, G. Anxiogenic-like effects of yohimbine and idazoxan in two behavioral situations in mice. Life Sciences<\/span><\/li>\n
            60. Poincheval-Fuhrman, S. & Sara, S.J. Chronic nicotine ingestion improves radial maze performance in rats, Behavioural Pharmacology<\/span> 4:534\u2013539.<\/li>\n
            61. Devauges, V. and Sara, S.J. Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attentional shift in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 39:19\u201328.<\/li>\n
            62. Chapoutier, G. Jacquot, F. Save, E., Venault, P., Sara, S.J. Different effects of yohimbine and idazoxan in the light-dark choice procedure. Behavioural Pharmacology<\/span> 1:459\u2013461.<\/li>\n
            63. Richter-Levin, G. Segal, M. Sara, S.J. Idazoxan, an alpha2 antagonist enhances EPSP to spike coupling, Brain Research<\/span> 540:291\u2013294.<\/li>\n
            64. Devauges, V. and Sara, S.J. Memory retrieval enhancement by locus coeruleus stimulation: evidence for mediation by beta receptors. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 43:93\u201397.<\/li>\n
            65. Sara, S.J. and Bergis, O. Enhancement of excitability and inhibitory processes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus by noradrenaline: a pharmacological study in awake rats. Neuroscience Letters<\/span> 126:1\u20135.<\/li>\n
            66. Sara, S.J. & Segal, M. Plasticity of sensory responses in the locus coeruleus: significance for cognition. Progress in Brain Research<\/span> 88:571\u2013585.<\/li>\n
            67. Ammassari, M., Maho, C. & Sara, S.J. Clonidine reverses spatial learning deficits and reinstates theta frequencies in rats with partial fornix section. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 45:1\u20138.<\/li>\n
            68. Sara, S.J., Devauges, V. Priming stimulation of locus coeruleus facilitates memory retrieval in the rat. Brain Research<\/span> 438:299\u2013303.<\/li>\n
            69. Sara, S.J. Glucose effects on firing rate of neurons of the locus coeruleus : another attempt to put memory back in the brain. Neurobiology of Aging<\/span> 9:730\u2013732.<\/li>\n
            70. Sara, S.J. and Devauges, V. Idazoxan, an alpha2 antagonist, facilitates memory retrieval in the rat. Behavioral and Neural Biology<\/span> 51:328\u2013338.<\/li>\n
            71. Sara S.J. Noradrenergic-cholinergic interactions : its possible role in memory dysfunctions associated with senile dementia. Archives of Gerontology<\/span> 99\u2013108.<\/li>\n
            72. Le Roch, K., Riche, D., Sara, S.J. Persistence of habituation deficits after neurological recovery from severe thiamine deprivation. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 23.<\/li>\n
            73. Dekeyne, A., Deweer, B., Sara, S.J. Background stimuli as a reminder after spontaneous forgetting : potentiation by stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Psychobiology<\/span> 15:161\u2013166.<\/li>\n
            74. Sara, S.J. Forgetting of conditioned emotional response and its alleviation by pretest amphetamine. Physiological Psychology<\/span> 12:17\u201322.<\/li>\n
            75. Deweer, B. and Sara, S.J. Background stimuli as a reminder after spontaneous forgetting: role of duration cuing and cuing-test interval. Animal Learning & Behavior<\/span> 12:238\u2013247.<\/li>\n
            76. Sara, S.J, Grecksch, G. and Leviel, V. Intercerebral ventricular apomorphine alleviates spontaneous fotgetting and increases cortical noradrenaline. Behavioral Brain Research<\/span> 13:43\u201352.<\/li>\n
            77. Sara, S. J. The locus coeruleus and cognitive function: Attempts to relate noradrenergic enhancement of signal\/noise in the brain to behavior. Physiological Psychology<\/span> 13:151\u2013162.<\/li>\n
            78. Sara, S.J. Haloperidol facilitates memory retrieval in the rat., Psychopharmacology<\/span> 89:307\u2013310.<\/li>\n
            79. Sara, S.J., David-Reacle, M., Weyers, M. and Giurgea, C. Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impaired extinction of bar pressing in rats. Psychopharmacology<\/span> 61:71\u201375.<\/li>\n
            80. Sara, S.J., Deweer, B. and Hars, B. Reticular stimulation facilitates retrieval of a “forgotten” maze habit. Neuroscience Letters<\/span> 18:211\u2013217.<\/li>\n
            81. Deweer, B., Sara, S.J. and Hars, B. Contextual cues and memory retrieval in rats: alleviation of forgetting by a pretest exposure to background stimuli. Animal Learning & Behavior<\/span> 8:265\u2013272.<\/li>\n
            82. Sara, S.J. Facilitation of memory retrieval by etiracetam nootropic drug. Psychopharmacology<\/span> 68:235\u2013241.<\/li>\n
            83. Sara, S.J. and David-Remacle, M. Discrimination learning, behavioral stategies and long term retention in hippocampal lesioned rats. Physiological Psychology<\/span> 9:37\u201348.<\/li>\n
            84. Sara, S.J. Memory deficits in rats with hippocampal and cortical lesions: retrograde effects. Behavioral and Neural Biology<\/span> 32:504\u2013509.<\/li>\n
            85. Sara S.J., Barnett, J. and Toussaint, P. Facilitation of appetitive brightness discrimination by lysine vasopressin. Behavioral Processes<\/span> 7:157\u2013167.<\/li>\n
            86. Sara, S.J. and Deweer, B. Facilitation of retrieval of a “forgotten” maze task by pretest amphetamine. Behavioral & Neural Biology<\/span> 36:146\u2013160.<\/li>\n
            87. Sara, S.J. and Remacle, J.F. Strychnine-induced passive avoidance facilitation: a retieval effect. Behavioral Biology<\/span> 19:465\u2013475.<\/li>\n
            88. Sara, S.J. et David-Remacle, M. Recovery from electroconsulsive shock amnesia by exposure to the training environment: pharmacological enhancement by Piracetam. Psychopharmacology<\/span> 36:59\u201366.<\/li>\n
            89. Sara, S.J. Delayed development of amnestic behaviour after hypoxia. Physiology and Behaviour<\/span> 13:693\u2013696.<\/li>\n
            90. Sara, S.J., David-Remacle, M. and Lef\u00e8vre, D. Passive avoidance behaviour in rats after electroconvulsive shock: facilitative effect of response retardation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology<\/span> 89:489\u2013497.<\/li>\n
            91. Sara, S.J. and Lef\u00e8vre, D. Reexamination of the role of familiarization in retrograde amnesia in the rat. Journal of comparative and Physiological Psychology<\/span> 85:361\u2013364.<\/li>\n
            92. Sara, S.J. Recovery from hypoxia and ECS induced amnesia after a single exposure to the training environment. Physiology and Behaviour<\/span> , l0:85\u201389.<\/li>\n
            93. Sara, S.J. Progressive development of avoidance response after training, ECS and repeated testing. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society<\/span> 2:l34-l36.<\/li>\n
            94. Sara, S.J. and Lef\u00e8vre, D. Hypoxia induced amnesia in one trial learning and pharmacological protection by Piracetam. Psychopharmacologia<\/span> 25:32\u201340.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Book Chapters<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Sara, S.J. Reconsolidation: historical perspective and theoretical aspects. In H.L. Roediger, III (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology of Memory. Vol. [1] of Learning and Memory: Comprehensive Reference, 4 vols. (J.Byrne Editor). Oxford: , Elsevier.<\/li>\n
              2. Sara, SJ Consolidation as concept. In: Science of Memory: Concepts HR Roediger III, Y Dudai, and SM Fitzpatrick \u2013 Editors Oxford University Press,<\/li>\n
              3. Sara, S.J. & Gisquet-Verrier, P. La Reconstruction de la M\u00e9moire, Science & Vie, June,.<\/li>\n
              4. Sara S.J. Noradrenaline and memory: neuromodulatory effects on retrieval. In “Memory: Neurochemical and clinical aspects”, J. Weinman and J. Hunter (eds), Harwood Academic Publishers: London , pp 105\u2013128.<\/li>\n
              5. Sara S.J. Interaction des syst\u00e8mes noradr\u00e9nergiques et cholinergiques au cours des troubles de la m\u00e9moire. In “M\u00e9moire et Vieillissement : approche m\u00e9thodologique”, Collection de l’Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Doin Paris, pp. 105\u2013116.<\/li>\n
              6. Sara, S.J., Devauges, V. and Segal, M. Locus coeruleus engagement in memory retrieval and attention. In “Progress in Catecholamine Research”, Alan R. Liss (ed) pp. 155\u2013161.<\/li>\n
              7. Sara, S. J. et Segal, M. The locus coeruleus in learning and memory retrieval. In H. Matthies (Ed) Learning and Memory: Mechanisms of Information Processing in the Nervous System : Oxford, Pergamon Press.<\/li>\n
              8. Sara, S.J. Noradrenergic modulation of selective attention : its role in memory retrieval. In D. Olton, E. Gamzu and S. Corkin (Eds), Memory dysfunctions: An integration of Animal and Human Research from preclinical and clinical perspectives. Ann NY Acad Science<\/span> 444:178\u2013193.<\/li>\n
              9. Sara, S.J. Selective attention, memory and the locus coeruleus. In P. Schmidt and B. Will (Eds) Brain Plasticity, Learning and Memory, Plenum Press: New York, 211\u2013218, l985.<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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                Susan Sara<\/div>

                Professor NYU<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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                Georges Willoquet<\/div>

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                Sara Simula<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2020<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Gabriel Makdah<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2018<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Nicolas Maingret<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2011-2016<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Gabrielle Girardeau<\/div>

                PhD-Postdoc
                2006-2012<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Francesco Battaglia<\/div>

                Postdoc
                2004-2005<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Kiyane Zerkak<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2025<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Paulina Amaya<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2023<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/a><\/figure>
                Marco Pompili<\/a><\/div>

                Postdoc
                2013-2021<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Nadia Benabdallah<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2016-2020<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Fanny Demars<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2017<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Anna Seg\u00fa<\/div>

                M1 Student
                2015-2016<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Karim El Kanbi<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2012<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Anna\u00eblle Jacquin<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2025<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Bruno Sousa<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2022-2023<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/a><\/figure>
                Ralitsa Todorova<\/a><\/div>

                Postdoc
                2013-2021<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Eulalie Leroux<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2018-2019<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Liyang Xiang<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2013-2017<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Margot Tirole<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2016<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Erika Cerasti<\/div>

                Postdoc
                2009-2012<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Julie Jouvion<\/div>

                C\u00e9sure
                2024<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Ombeline Hoa<\/div>

                Postdoc
                2017-2022<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Virginie Oberto<\/div>

                PhD-Postdoc
                2012-2021<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Alexandra Dolzhina<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2018-2019<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Laura Sylvander<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2017<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Antoine Harel<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2016<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Karim Benchenane<\/div>

                Postdoc
                2006-2009<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t
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                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Pauline Cnudde<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2024<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Anna Aldanondo<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2022<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Ariane Bochereau<\/div>

                PhD-Postdoc
                2017-2021<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Diane Vilmer<\/div>

                Engineer Student
                2018<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Jumpei Matsumoto<\/div>

                Invited Researcher
                2015-2017<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Anne Cei<\/div>

                PhD-Postdoc
                2006-2014<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Adrien Peyrache<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2005-2009<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Louise Dauron<\/div>

                Engineer Student
                2023<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                Merwann Tougui<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2022<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                C\u00e9line Boucly<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2017-2020<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                C\u00e9line Drieu<\/div>

                PhD-Postdoc
                2012-2018<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                HongYing Gao<\/div>

                Postdoc
                2012-2016<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Marie Goutierre<\/div>

                M2 Student
                2013<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Mehdi Khamassi<\/div>

                PhD Student
                2003-2007<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
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                Group Pictures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                2023<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                2022<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                \"Team-2021a-001-500x563\"<\/figure>
                2021a<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t
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                \"Team-2021b-001-500x563\"<\/figure>
                2021b<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                2017<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                2015<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \"\"<\/figure>
                2011<\/h6><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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                <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                Hippocampus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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                \"\"<\/figure>
                Paris has a hippocampus!<\/h6>

                It is clearly visible on the pavement of rue Soufflot, in front of the Panth\u00e9on – just a few hundred meters from our lab.\u200b<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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                <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                Collaborators<\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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